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He explained that deviance is due in large part to their absence (called anomie), and concluded that spirituality lowers deviance by preserving norms and social bonds. The connection between religion/spirituality and deviance, like substance abuse, was first made by Durkheim who defined socially expected behaviors as norms. 11 Director of Research, Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) Educational Foundation, Washington, D.C, USA Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences at the Keck, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, CA, USA.10 Department of Nutrigenomics, RDSolutions, Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA.9 Eotvos Lorand University, Institute of Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Izabella utca 46, H-1064, Budapest, Hungary.8 Department of Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA.7 Department of Nutrigenomics, Igene, Inc., Austin, TX, USA.6 Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota College of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN, USA.5 Departments of Psychiatry, Anatomy, & Neurobiology, Boston VA and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.4 Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, North Miami Beach, FL, USA.3 Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA.2 Department of Psychiatry & McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA Department of Neurology, PATH Foundation NY, New York, NY, USA Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Holistic Addiction Studies, North Miami Beach, FL, USA Department of Psychiatry, Human Integrated Services Unit, University of Vermont Center for Clinical & Translational Science, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA Department of Nutrigenomics, Igene, Inc., Austin, TX, USA Department of Addiction Research & Therapy, Malibu Beach Recovery Center, Malibu, CA, USA Dominion Diagnostics, LLC, North Kingston, RI, USA.1 Department of Sociology, California State University, Turlock, CA, USA.